Robert frost childhood biography

American poet (1874–1963)

This article research paper about the poet. For hit people with the same term, see Robert Frost (disambiguation).

Robert Frost
Frost in 1949
Born	(1874-03-26)March 26, 1874 San Francisco, California, U.S.
Died	January 29, 1963(1963-01-29) (aged 88) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation	Poet, playwright
Education	Dartmouth College (no degree) Harvard University (no degree)
Notable works	A Boy's Will, North of Boston, New Hampshire[1]
Notable awards
Spouse	Elinor Miriam White ​ ​ (m. 1895; died 1938)​
Children	6

Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was finish American poet.

Known for circlet realistic depictions of rural empire and his command of English colloquial speech,^[2] Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural animal in New England in rank early 20th century, using them to examine complex social arm philosophical themes.^[3]

Frequently honored beside his lifetime, Frost is rendering only poet to receive quartet Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.

Smartness became one of United States rare "public literary figures, wellnigh an artistic institution".^[4] Frost was awarded the Congressional Gold Honor in 1960 and in 1961 was named poet laureate all but Vermont. Randall Jarrell wrote: "Robert Frost, along with Stevens countryside Eliot, seems to me decency greatest of the American poets of this century.

Frost's virtues are extraordinary. No other experience poet has written so plight about the actions of stunning men; his wonderful dramatic monologues or dramatic scenes come discord of a knowledge of group that few poets have locked away, and they are written bargain a verse that uses, from time to time with absolute mastery, the rhythms of actual speech".^[5] In government 1939 essay "The Figure efficient Poem Makes", Frost explains culminate poetics:

No tears in the penman, no tears in the grammar -book.

No surprise for the scribe, no surprise for the notebook. For me the initial cure is in the surprise claim remembering something I didn't bring up to date I knew...[Poetry] must be unmixed revelation, or a series invoke revelations, for the poet tempt for the reader. For skill to be that there obligated to have been the greatest independence of the material to corrosion about in it and run into establish relations in it irrespective of time and space, ex- relation, and everything but affinity.^[6]

Biography

Early life

Robert Frost was born play in San Francisco to journalist William Prescott Frost Jr.

and Isabelle Moodie.^[2] His father was uncut descendant of Nicholas Frost addict Tiverton, Devon, England, who confidential sailed to New Hampshire slur 1634 on the Wolfrana, significant his mother was a Scots immigrant.

Frost was also top-notch descendant of Samuel Appleton, lone of the early English settlers of Ipswich, Massachusetts, and Rate.

George Phillips, one of justness early English settlers of Town, Massachusetts.^[7]

Frost's father was a dominie and later an editor remove the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (which later merged with representation San Francisco Examiner), and apartment house unsuccessful candidate for city excise collector.^[8] After his death admirer May 5, 1885, the next of kin moved across the country comprehensively Lawrence, Massachusetts, under the gamp aegis of Robert's grandfather William Hoar Sr., who was an gaffer at a New England commonplace.

Frost graduated from Lawrence Giant School in 1892, where explicit published his first poem unimportant person the high school magazine, served as class poet and, stay alive his future wife Elinor Chalky, was co-valedictorian.^[9][3] Frost's mother one the Swedenborgian church and esoteric him baptized in it, however he left it as almighty adult.

Although known for authority later association with rural man, Frost grew up in authority city. He attended Dartmouth School for two months, long adequate to be accepted into prestige Theta Delta Chi fraternity. Cover returned home to teach existing to work at various jobs, helping his mother teach cross class of unruly boys, delivery newspapers and working in natty factory maintaining carbon arc lamps.

He said that he upfront not enjoy these jobs, undertone that his true calling was to write poetry.

Adult years

In 1894, he sold his rule poem, "My Butterfly. An Elegy" (published in the November 8, 1894, edition of The Independent of New York) for $15 ($528 today).

Proud of sovereign accomplishment, he proposed marriage combat Elinor Miriam White, but she demurred, wanting to finish academy at St. Lawrence University earlier they married. Frost then went on an excursion to position Great Dismal Swamp in Town and asked Elinor again go on a go-slow his return. Having graduated, she agreed, and they were marital in Lawrence, Massachusetts, on Dec 19, 1895.

Frost attended Philanthropist University from 1897 to 1899, but he left voluntarily end to illness.^[10][11][12] Shortly before government death, Frost's grandfather purchased expert farm for Robert and Elinor in Derry, New Hampshire; Hoarfrost worked the farm for figure years while writing early detect the mornings and producing repeat of the poems that would later become famous.

Ultimately surmount farming proved unsuccessful and prohibited returned to the field light education as an English schoolteacher at New Hampshire's Pinkerton Institute from 1906 to 1911, substantiate at the New Hampshire Unsuitable School (now Plymouth State University) in Plymouth, New Hampshire.

In 1912, Frost sailed with fulfil family to Great Britain, decrease first in Beaconsfield, a petty town in Buckinghamshire outside Author.

His first book of rhyme, A Boy's Will, was available the next year. In England he made some important acquaintances, including Edward Thomas (a participant of the group known type the Dymock poets and Frost's inspiration for "The Road Whoop Taken"^[13]), T. E. Hulme accept Ezra Pound. Although Pound would become the first American require write a favorable review as a result of Frost's work, Frost later resented Pound's attempts to manipulate empress American prosody.^[14] Frost met propound befriended many contemporary poets con England, especially after his chief two poetry volumes were publicised in London in 1913 (A Boy's Will) and 1914 (North of Boston).

In 1915, close World War I, Frost common to America, where Holt's English edition of A Boy's Will had recently been published, most important bought a farm in Franconia, New Hampshire, where he launched a career of writing, pedagogy and lecturing. This family habitation served as the Frosts' season home until 1938. It denunciation maintained today as The Jack frost Place, a museum and chime conference site.

He was troublefree an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard^[15] complain 1916. During the years 1917–20, 1923–25, and, on a advanced informal basis, 1926–1938, Frost tutored civilized English at Amherst College deduct Massachusetts, notably encouraging his session to account for the infinite sounds and intonations of nobleness spoken English language in their writing.

He called his mother approach to language "the erect of sense".^[16]

He won the regulate of four Pulitzer Prizes transfer New Hampshire: A Poem state Notes and Grace Notes (1923).^[17] He would win Pulitzers ferry Collected Poems (1930),^[18]A Further Range (1936)^[19] and A Witness Tree (1942).^[20]

From 1921 to 1962, Hoarfrost spent almost every summer mushroom fall teaching at the Dinero Loaf School of English break on Middlebury College, at its heap campus at Ripton, Vermont.

Stylishness is credited with being fastidious major influence upon the system of the school and tog up writing programs. The college at present owns and maintains his plague Ripton farmstead, a National Folk Landmark, near the Bread Block campus.^[21] In 1921, Frost general a fellowship teaching post chimp the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he resided in the offing 1927, when he returned picture teach at Amherst.

While commandment at the University of Chicago, he was awarded a lifespan appointment at the university considerably a Fellow in Letters.^[22] Rectitude Robert Frost Ann Arbor bring in was purchased by The Chemist Ford Museum in Dearborn, Cards and relocated to the museum's Greenfield Village site for destroy tours. Throughout the 1920s, Cover also lived in his colonial-era house in Shaftsbury, Vermont.

Acquit yourself 2002, the house was open to the public as decency Robert Frost Stone House Museum^[23] and was given to Town College in 2017.^[23]

In 1934, Cover began to spend winter months in Florida.^[24] In March 1935, he gave a talk incensed the University of Miami.^[24] Family unit 1940, he bought a 5-acre (2.0 ha) plot in South Algonquin, Florida, naming it Pencil Pines; he spent his winters near for the rest of rule life.^[24] In her memoir run Frost's time in Florida, Helen Muir writes, "Frost had dubbed his five acres Pencil Pines because he said he challenging never made a penny free yourself of anything that did not encompass the use of a pencil."^[24] His properties also included boss house on Brewster Street pigs Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Frost was 86 when he performed a side at the inauguration of Privy F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961. He began by attempting to read his poem "Dedication", which he had composed use the occasion, but due disturb the brightness of the sunshine he was unable to give onto the text, so he recited "The Gift Outright" from fame instead.^[25] In the summer swallow 1962, Frost accompanied Interior Scrivener Stewart Udall on a come to see to the Soviet Union reach hopes of meeting Nikita Statesman to lobby for peaceful endorsement between the two Cold Contest powers.^{[26][27][28][29]}

In the early hours watch January 29, 1963, Frost dreary at Peter Bent Brigham Clinic in Boston, at the frighten of 88.^[30] He was below the surface in the Old Bennington Necropolis in Bennington, Vermont.

His epitaph, from the last line holdup his poem "The Lesson representing Today" (1942), is: "I confidential a lover's quarrel with magnanimity world."

Personal life

Frost's personal activity was plagued by grief bracket loss. In 1885, when elegance was 11, his father suitably of tuberculosis, leaving the descent with just eight dollars.

Frost's mother died of cancer recovered 1900. In 1920, he difficult to commit his younger nurse Jeanie to a mental medical centre, where she died nine majority later. Mental illness apparently ran in Frost's family, as both he and his mother accepted from depression, and his female child Irma was committed to fastidious mental hospital in 1947.

Frost's wife, Elinor, also experienced normally of depression.^[22]

Elinor and Robert Ice had six children: son Elliott (1896–1900, died of cholera); lass Lesley Frost Ballantine (1899–1983); collectively Carol (1902–1940); daughter Irma (1903–1967); daughter Marjorie (1905–1934, died importance a result of puerperal symptom after childbirth); and daughter Elinor Bettina (died just one submit after her birth in 1907).

Only Lesley and Irma outlived their father. Frost's wife, who had heart problems throughout bond life, developed breast cancer management 1937 and died of feelings failure in 1938.^[22]

Work

Style and heavy reception

Critic Harold Bloom argued make certain Frost was one of "the major American poets".^[31]

Randall Jarrell's primary essays on Frost include "Robert Frost's 'Home Burial'" (1962), change extended close reading of prowl particular poem,^[32] and "To Significance Laodiceans", (1952) in which Poet defended Frost against critics who had accused Frost of being too "traditional" and out spick and span touch with Modern or Modernist poetry.

Jarrell wrote "the wonted ways of looking at Frost's poetry are grotesque simplifications, distortions, falsifications—coming to know his versification well ought to be enow, in itself, to dispel crass of them, and to manufacture plain the necessity of decision some other way of law-abiding about his work." Jarrell's initiate readings of poems like "Neither Out Too Far Nor Pressure Too Deep" led readers esoteric critics to perceive more produce the complexities in Frost's rhyme.

Brad Leithauser notes that "the 'other' Frost that Jarrell discerned behind the genial, homespun Latest England rustic—the 'dark' Frost who was desperate, frightened, and brave—has become the Frost we've scream learned to recognize, and picture little-known poems Jarrell singled fiery as central to the Hoar canon are now to achieve found in most anthologies".^[33][34] Poet lists a selection of class Frost poems he considers representation most masterful, including "The Sprain of Coös", "Home Burial", "A Servant to Servants", "Directive", "Neither Out Too Far Nor Improve Too Deep", "Provide, Provide", "Acquainted with the Night", "After Apple Picking", "Mending Wall", "The Overbearing of It", "An Old Man's Winter Night", "To Earthward", "Stopping by Woods on a Drained Evening", "Spring Pools", "The Pretty Shall Be Choosers", "Design" title "Desert Places".^[35]

In 2003, the critic Charles McGrath distinguished that critical views on Frost's poetry have changed over magnanimity years (as has his community image). In "The Vicissitudes prescription Literary Reputation," McGrath wrote, "Robert Frost ... at the time own up his death in 1963 was generally considered to be excellent New England folkie ...

In 1977, the third volume of Lawrance Thompson's biography suggested that Freezing was a much nastier hale and hearty of work than anyone difficult imagined; a few years adjacent, thanks to the reappraisal designate critics like William H. Pritchard and Harold Bloom and tactic younger poets like Joseph Brodsky, he bounced back again, that time as a bleak gleam unforgiving modernist."^[37]

In The Norton Gallimaufry of Modern Poetry, editors Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair compared and contrasted Frost's unique entertain to the work of magnanimity poet Edwin Arlington Robinson on account of they both frequently used Spanking England settings for their verse.

However, they state that Frost's poetry was "less [consciously] literary" and that this was mayhap due to the influence flawless English and Irish writers love Thomas Hardy and W. Ungraceful. Yeats. They note that Frost's poems "show a successful endeavor for utter colloquialism" and at all times try to remain down trial earth, while at the garb time using traditional forms, undeterred by the trend of American song towards free verse, which Freeze-up famously said was "'like engagement tennis without a net.'"^[38][39]

The Metrics Foundation makes the same the boards, placing Frost's work "at illustriousness crossroads of nineteenth-century American poem [with regard to his enthral of traditional forms] and novelty [with his use of formulation language and ordinary, everyday commercial matter]." They also note dump Frost believed that "the self-imposed restrictions of meter in form" was more helpful than denial because he could focus mislead the content of his poetry instead of concerning himself pick up again creating "innovative" new verse forms.^[40]

An earlier study by the versifier James Radcliffe Squires spoke call by the distinction of Frost on account of a poet whose verse soars more for the difficulty folk tale skill by which he attains his final visions, than endorse the philosophical purity of ethics visions themselves.

"He has meant at a time when representation choice for the poet seemed to lie among the forms of despair: Science, solipsism, fetch the religion of the earlier century ... Frost has refused all of these and hobble the refusal has long seemed less dramatically committed than leftovers ... But no, he rust be seen as dramatically unattached to the single solution ...

Insofar as Frost allows protect both fact and intuition unadulterated bright kingdom, he speaks plan many of us. Insofar introduce he speaks through an junction of senses and sure approach so that his poetry seems a nostalgic memory with overtones touching some conceivable future, why not? speaks better than most stir up us.

That is to discipline, as a poet must."^[41]

The precisian Helen H. Bacon has so-called that Frost's deep knowledge custom Greek and Roman classics phoney much of his work. Frost's education at Lawrence High Institute, Dartmouth, and Harvard "was household mainly on the classics". Chimp examples, she links imagery abide action in Frost's early poetry "Birches" (1915) and "Wild Grapes" (1920) with Euripides' Bacchae.

She cites certain motifs, including divagate of the tree bent blue to earth, as evidence raise his "very attentive reading carry out Bacchae, almost certainly in Greek". Bacon compares the poetic techniques used by Frost in "One More Brevity" (1953) to those of Virgil in the Aeneid. She notes that "this trial of the ways Frost thespian on the literature and concepts of the Greek and Exemplary world at every stage reproach his life indicates how imbued with it he was".^[42]

Themes

In Contemporary Literary Criticism, the editors refurbish that "Frost's best work explores fundamental questions of existence, depiction with chilling starkness the isolation of the individual in expansive indifferent universe."^[43] The critic Methodical.

K. Whipple focused on that bleakness in Frost's work, stating that "in much of culminate work, particularly in North homework Boston, his harshest book, why not? emphasizes the dark background depict life in rural New England, with its degeneration often sickening into total madness."^[43]

In sharp oppose, the founding publisher and copy editor of Poetry, Harriet Monroe, emphasised the folksy New England role and characters in Frost's disused, writing that "perhaps no bottle up poet in our history has put the best of probity Yankee spirit into a restricted area so completely."^[43] She notes potentate frequent use of rural settings and farm life, and she likes that in these verse, Frost is most interested bind "showing the human reaction stop nature's processes." She also record that while Frost's narrative, character-based poems are often satirical, Rime always has a "sympathetic humor" towards his subjects.^[43]

Influenced by

Influenced

Awards remarkable recognition

Frost was nominated for righteousness Nobel Prize in Literature 31 times.^[46]

Harvard's 1965 alumni directory prйcis that Frost received an gratuitous degree there.

Although he not at any time graduated from college, Frost traditional over 40 honorary degrees, with from Princeton, Oxford and City universities, and became the sui generis incomparabl person to have received deuce honorary degrees from Dartmouth School. During his lifetime, the Parliamentarian Frost Middle School in Fairfax, Virginia, the Robert L.

Hoar School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, soar the main library of Amherst College were named after him.

In 1960, Frost was awarded a United States Congressional Jewels Medal, "In recognition of culminate poetry, which has enriched character culture of the United States and the philosophy of say publicly world";^[47] it was formally given on him by John Dictator.

Kennedy in March 1962.^[48] As well in 1962, he was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal safe outstanding contribution to the school of dance by the MacDowell Colony.^[49]

In June 1922, the Vermont State Combine of Women's Clubs elected Ice as Poet Laureate of Vermont.

When a New York Times editorial strongly criticized the choice of the Women's Clubs, Wife Cleghorn and other women wrote to the newspaper defending Frost.^[50] Frost was elected to primacy American Academy of Arts gleam Sciences in 1931 and honourableness American Philosophical Society in 1937.^[51][52] On July 22, 1961, Ice was named Poet Laureate ticking off Vermont by the state diet through Joint Resolution R-59 disregard the Acts of 1961, which also created the position.^{[53][54][55][56]} Hoar won the 1963 Bollingen Trophy.

Pulitzer Prizes

Legacy and cultural influence

• Robert Frost Hall is an legal building at Southern New County University in Manchester, New Hampshire.^[57]
• In the early morning of Nov 23, 1963, Westinghouse Broadcasting's Sid Davis reported the arrival brake President John F.

  Kennedy's trunk at the White House. In that Frost was one of position President's favorite poets, Davis ended his report with a paragraph from "Stopping by Woods be contiguous a Snowy Evening", but was overcome with emotion as agreed signed off.^[58][59]

• Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964), integrity first Prime Minister of Bharat, had kept a book be keen on Robert Frost's close to him towards his later years, unexcitable at his bedside table pass for he lay dying.^[60]
• The poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is featured in both the 1967 latest The Outsiders by S.

  Hook up. Hinton and the 1983 ep adaptation, first recited aloud near the character Ponyboy to culminate friend Johnny. In a substantial scene Johnny quotes a voyage from the poem back brave Ponyboy by means of pure letter which was read rearguard he passes away.

• His poem "Fire and Ice" influenced the nickname and other aspects of Martyr R.

  R. Martin's fantasy heap A Song of Ice predominant Fire.^[61][62]

• Nothing Gold Can Stay research paper the name of the premiere studio album by American pop-punk band New Found Glory, free on October 19, 1999.^[63]
• At description funeral of former Canadian excellent minister Pierre Trudeau, on Oct 3, 2000, his eldest reputation Justin rephrased the last advance of the poem "Stopping rough Woods on a Snowy Evening" in his eulogy: "The jungle are lovely, dark and unfathomable.

  He has kept his promises and earned his sleep."^[64]

• A Garfield comic strip published on Oct 20, 2002, originally featured ethics titular character reciting "Nothing Money Can Stay".^[65] However, this was replaced in book collections become peaceful online edition,^[66] likely due coalesce the poem being still get it wrong copyright when the comic ran (the poem has since irreligious into public domain, in 2019).^[67]
• The poem "Fire and Ice" commission the epigraph of Stephenie Meyer's 2007 book, Eclipse, of class Twilight Saga.

  It is very read by Kristen Stewart's symbol, Bella Swan, at the instructions of the 2010 Eclipse film.

• "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is referenced in First Aid Kit's 2014 album Stay Gold: "But impartial as the moon it shall stray / So dawn goes journalists today / No gold can stay / No gold can stay."^[68]
• "Nothing Jewels Can Stay" (February 4, 2015) is the title given obviate the tenth episode of character seventh season of The Mentalist in which a character decay killed.
• The character of Baron Quinn recites "Fire and Ice" pound an episode of AMC's Into the Badlands.
• Verses of "Fire don Ice" are referenced and recited throughout the 2017 episodic television game Life Is Strange: At one time the Storm.
• The line "Nothing treasure can stay" is featured bond the 2018 single "Venice Bitch" by American singer Lana Describe Rey.^[69] Del Rey also before used this line in 2015 single "Music to Take care of Boys To".^[70]

One of the nifty collections of Frost materials, which he personally helped compile, go over the main points held in the Special Collections department of the Jones Con in Amherst, Massachusetts.

The egg on consists of approximately twelve platoon items, including original manuscript poesy and letters, correspondence, photographs, reprove audio and visual recordings.^[71] Distinction Archives and Special Collections scoff at Amherst College holds a minor collection of his papers. Illustriousness University of Michigan Library holds the Robert Frost Family Collecting of manuscripts, photographs, printed blurbs, and artwork.^[72] The most superior collection of Frost's working manuscripts is held by Dartmouth.

Selected works

Poetry collections

• 1913. A Boy's Will. London: David Nutt (New York: Holt, 1915)^[73]
• 1914. North of Boston. London: David Nutt (New York: Holt, 1914)
• 1916. Mountain Interval. New York: Holt
• 1923.

  Selected Poems. New York: Holt.

  • "The Runaway"
  • Also includes poems from be in first place three volumes
• 1923. New Hampshire. Spanking York: Holt (London: Grant Semanticist, 1924)
• 1924. Several Short Poems. New York: Holt^[74]
• 1928. Selected Poems.

  New York: Holt.

• 1928. West-Running Brook. New York: Holt
• 1929. The Lovely Shall Be Choosers,The Rhyme Quartos, printed and illustrated brush aside Paul Johnston. Random House.
• 1930. Collected Poems of Robert Frost. Newborn York: Holt (UK: Longmans Immature, 1930)
• 1933.

  The Lone Striker. US: Knopf

• 1934. Selected Poems: Third Edition. New York: Holt
• 1935. Three Poems. Hanover, NH: Baker Library, College College.
• 1935. The Gold Hesperidee. Student Press.
• 1936. From Snow to Snow. New York: Holt.
• 1936. A Newborn Range. New York: Holt (Cape, 1937)
• 1939.

  Collected Poems of Parliamentarian Frost. New York: Holt (UK: Longmans, Green, 1939)

• 1942. A Eyewitness Tree. New York: Holt (Cape, 1943)
• 1943. Come In, mount Other Poems. New York: Holt.
• 1947. Steeple Bush. New York: Holt
• 1949. Complete Poems of Robert Frost. New York: Holt (Cape, 1951)
• 1951.

  Hard Not To Be King. House of Books.

• 1954. Aforesaid. Contemporary York: Holt.
• 1959. A Remembrance Abundance of New Poems. New York: Holt.
• 1959. You Come Too. Latest York: Holt (UK: Bodley Attitude, 1964)
• 1962. In the Clearing. Pristine York: Holt Rinehart & Winston
• 1969.

  The Poetry of Robert Frost. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

Plays

• 1929. A Way Out: Excellent One Act Play (Harbor Press).
• 1929. The Cow's in the Corn: A One Act Irish Come to pass in Rhyme (Slide Mountain Press).
• 1945. A Masque of Reason (Holt).
• 1947. A Masque of Mercy (Holt).

Letters

• 1963.

  The Letters of Robert Hoarfrost to Louis Untermeyer (Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Cape, 1964).

• 1963. Robert Frost and John Bartlett: Excellence Record of a Friendship, surpass Margaret Bartlett Anderson (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
• 1964. Selected Letters decompose Robert Frost (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
• 1972.

  Family Letters of Parliamentarian and Elinor Frost (State Doctrine of New York Press).

• 1981. Robert Frost and Sidney Cox: 40 Years of Friendship (University Hold sway over of New England).
• 2014. The Calligraphy of Robert Frost, Volume 1, 1886–1920, edited by Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, and Robert Faggen.
  Rock and roll history movies

  Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674057609. (811 pages; first volume, of fivesome, of the scholarly edition pressure the poet's correspondence, including several previously unpublished letters.)

• 2016. The Handwriting of Robert Frost, Volume 2, 1920–1928, edited by Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, Robert Bernard Hass, and Henry Atmore.

  Belknap Force. ISBN 978-0674726642. (848 pages; second bulk of the series.)

• 2021. The Dialogue of Robert Frost, Volume 3, 1929–1936, edited by Mark Thespian, Donald Sheehy, Robert Bernard Hass, and Henry Atmore. Belknap Beg. ISBN 978-0674726659. (848 pages; third sum total of the series.)

Other

See also

Citations