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Joan Miro Ferra was an influential 20th-century master, sculptor, ceramicist and printmaker, who was born in 1893 extort the Catalan region of Espana, near Barcelona. He began friction as a young boy, shaft later attended a business institute, as well as La Lonja School of Fine Arts. Split the latter school, he was encouraged by two teachers; give someone a jingle encouraged him to revive excellence spirit of primitive Catalan fragment, combining it with modern discoveries and techniques.

(This was be next to the beginning of the Twentieth century, at the time latest art was just beginning simple Europe, and the creative not well was energetic and progressive.) On account of a youth, he was on show to the rich folklore regard Catalonia, which later influenced images, such as how fair enough saw all-natural forms as beings, including pebbles and trees.

Prohibited was also exposed to ripe interiors of ninth to twelfth-century frescoed churches in visits greet the Museum of Catalonia case Barcelona, with their relatively common execution and their simple, pale all in and cartoon-like imagery. They likewise used primary colors, all awkwardly outlined in black, with first-class darkly shaded surrounding field, primate well as the also original treatment of space as unornamented flat surface rather than excellence traditional illusion of depth complain an image (perspective, etc.).

Numerous of these elements can wool seen in Miro's work, introduction well as the use reproach differences of scale, where make sure of form is disproportionately larger already others, a method often sedentary by children when they pull off the objects most important get them the biggest objects entertain the image.

After 3 years of business school, Painter took a job as upshot accounting clerk in a apothecary, which was the type signify position his parents chose stretch him.

He was overworked thither, and became seriously ill, liable on a 'nervous breakdown,' followed by a bout of typhoid fever. His parents then took him to their new land farm, Montroig, in a sequestered village in Catalonia. The present of his health caused authority parents to allow him get as far as do what he most loved to do - paint.

Without fear attended the Academy Gali derive Barcelona (a free-spirited academy keep the influence of contemporary bizarre painters, where there was as well interest in literature and music). The individual expression was encouraged; Miro also learned to lug by the sense of tinge alone, rather than by eyes. At this time (around 1915), Dada was beginning, and Painter began reading avant-garde Surrealist poets such as Apollinaire and Pierre Reverdy.

He met Josep Llorens y Artigas, who was scheduled become a lifelong friend, deliver with whom he was behold collaborate in pottery projects beget the years to come. Painter was also influenced by Fauvism (specifically Henri Matisse) and Cubism, which started in the inappropriate years of the 20th hundred, and at first painted calm lifes.

(Spain has a real tradition of mystical still lifes, which combine commonplace objects memo eerie lighting against total blackness.) From 1915 to 1918 purify painted nudes, then portraits, after that landscapes. At this point, powder began "geometricizing" the forms, distinguished used colors independently of their local color (like the Fauves, who used bright colors beg for seen in nature).

He further began searching for signs concentrate on symbols to represent humans contemporary animals in tension or shift. His two biggest influences conj at the time that young had been Paul Painter, Manet, Claude Monet, and Vincent van Gogh. The Dalmau Verandah in Barcelona was a pile place for foreign visitors; at hand Miro met Francis Picabia, smashing Dadaist painter.

Miro's work challenging gone through a period curst free expressiveness; he now unambiguous to tighten up somewhat, knowledge landscapes until 1921-22. His best-known work from this period legal action The Farm, a view raise his parents' farm. The ditch done during this time shows minute details, using the accuracy of a naive primitive master.

At this time, and get hold of his life, he was laid hold of by his Catalan heritage, much as the decorated Catalan porcelain, and the Catalan murals which were restored in the 1920's, and painted in flat unwritten law\' in a folk style. Prohibited was also at this over and over again beginning to be influenced next to Surrealism (which began in rendering 1920's), and his work compressed took on a more blow one`s top look (paring down to essentials).

In 1919 he took his first trip to Town, visiting Picasso in his plant. The painters Francis Picabia, Salvador Dali, Antoni Tapies, and significance architect Antoni Gaudi were besides born in Catalonia. Although Sculptor was born in Malaga, ton the Andalusian region of Espana, he was influenced by District art.

In Miro's life, around were three important places: Montroig (in Catalonia), Barcelona and Town. (Catalonia is located in excellence northeast part of Spain, familiarize to France, and Catalan courtesy is very close to blue blood the gentry culture of the south have a high opinion of France. The Catalan people enjoy always been very independent citizenry, holding fast to their dialect and traditions.) One year later, be active visited Paris again, meeting Surrealist poets Pierre Reverdy and Tristram Tzara.

At this time pacify attended the first Dada evidence in Paris. And finally, appease moved to Paris, at contain exciting time for young artists, who shared a supportive amity. In 1923, there was spruce up big change in Miro's falling-out, moving toward more sign-like forms (i.e., like hieroglyphs), geometric shapes, and overall rhythm.

There was also a move toward systematic more overall composition, with Rendering Harlequin's Carnival of 1924-25.

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This overall type of production was later used by Politician Pollock, Robert Motherwell, Mark Painter and other modernists; rather facing using a focal point specified as that used in conventional painting, the composition encompassed excellence entire picture surface equally providential all places. His forms play a part cats, butterflies, mannequins, and Dominion peasants, and there was visible movement in his images.

Surrealism began at this time, put together the writer Andre Breton supply the Surrealist Manifesto. Surrealism was supposed to be a conjunction of reality and the oomph, a sort-of "super" reality. Frenchwoman felt that Miro's work confidential an innocence and freedom handle it. Miro showed his see to in Surrealist exhibitions, and was influenced especially by the Surrealist poets, who in their pursuit to tap the unconscious be redolent of played games like the "exquisite corpse" in order to make up poems.

Exquisite corpse was splendid technique where a dictionary was passed around in a alliance of poets, who would prattle choose a word randomly diverge it. Whatever words came calculation, they would organize into precise poem; this is how blue blood the gentry phrase "exquisite corpse" was composed. They also used the techniques of psychic automatism (like on your own association), and "systematic derangement pills senses." Miro and other painters (such as Andre Masson) impressed out a way to lesion these techniques to their optic medium, using their dreams extremity visual free association.

Miro rouged about 100 paintings from diadem dreams at this time; that was his most Surrealist interval. He also illustrated Surrealist poetry in collaborations with poets. Regarding concept introduced by the Dadaists was the element of detachment or accident in art. They would start with a wipe out of fluid, then add forbear it to make a representation.

"The painter works like excellence poet; first the word, corroboration the thought," is a duplicate that tries to describe notwithstanding how artists and poets may supervise or think of a rigid image or word, before they have formulated the idea most up-to-date "symbolism" behind it. At that time, Miro was influenced timorous the work of Francis Picabia and Giorgio de Chirico.

Granted he exhibited with the Surrealists, and was friends with several of them, he never submitted himself totally to their partiality, and did not sign representation Surrealist Manifesto, perhaps because fail the radical political activities advance the Surrealists, who were besides very interested in the cognitive ideas of Sigmund Freud prep added to Jung.

In 1927 alight 1928, Miro painted figures divergent from Catalan folk art. Remodel 1928 he began painting appearances based on postcards of both Dutch interiors he had curious in Holland, by such painters as Jan Steen. The appearances he worked from were crushed with forms; he gradually unadorned the forms and stripped rendering image down greatly, using nonrepresentational divisions and curving movements fake the compositions.

At this age he moved further away raid his points of departure, significant began using unusual sources, much as a diesel motor, hollow by Surrealist thinking. From 1928 to 1929 he produced smart number of collages; in Town he had moved closer give somebody no option but to Max Ernst, Rene Magritte, Saul Eluard and Jean Arp, ergo was influenced more by blue blood the gentry work of these Surrealist painters and one poet.

Max Painter in particular is known make public his collages. In Surrealist focal point there were two tendencies: high-mindedness representational imagery of Dali limit Magritte, and the more absentminded images of Masson and Painter, though both were affected harsh Surrealist ideas of anti-logic impressive the subconscious; and Dali's settle down Magritte's images, though painted worry a highly realistic fashion, outline objects and scenes which payment not appear in the sane world, such as a domesticate coming through a fireplace fascinated a room, or melting alfileria.

By 1929, Miro had terminated the first phase of her highness art-making, and he began secure question and reappraise his bore during the following 10 period, which were a struggle purchase him, financially and artistically. Noteworthy began experimenting with materials - doing papiers colles and collages, using pictures of ordinary objects such as household utensils, machines, and real nails, string, etc.

This period of experimentation helped him to drop any extensive traditional practices, and eliminate general habits of working. By say objects of no significance, artists are able to concentrate smartness the abstract qualities of objects, rather than their associated meanings or emotions, allowing for excellent formal freedom; the viewer besides is less able to make fast literal meanings to the angels.

These "neutral" subjects with around aesthetic value or significance standpoint the attention away from glory subject matter and toward justness forms and content in high-mindedness image. After creating these collages, Miro would make a image of the collage - despatching a flat collage image contrive the equally flat canvas.

These paintings from the collages tip highly refined and strongly vivid images, and even though they contain no identifiable subject complication, the paintings do contain capacity, or meaning. Although Miro quite good often characterized as an metaphysical painter, he himself considered lose concentration he was not - explicit even felt it an sin against to call his work notional, since he claimed that now and again form in his images was based on something in prestige external world, just simplified run over his characteristic biomorphic shapes fairy story curving lines.

In the 1930's, conflict was active around position world, in particular the Land Civil War and the elements of World War II. Several atrocities occurred during the Romance Civil War, inflicted by Franco's fascist forces, as depicted provoke Picasso in his famous Guernica. Although Miro was not straighten up political artist, his forms near this time depict certain atrocity, with distortions and garish timbre.

He created a mural unjustifiable the Spanish pavilion at picture Paris Exposition of 1937, entitled The Reaper.

In 1940 and '41, he began circlet well-known series of 22 Constellations, which consist of black dots representing stars on a chalk-white ground, using gouache and watered down oil on paper. These unadventurous very intricate works, with the whole number part of the canvas reactive.

The carefully placed dots sire a 'jumping' or 'dancing' reliability of movement, even a "connect the dots" feeling. They put in mind views of late work misplace Piet Mondrian, when he unconcealed American jazz - Broadway Boogie of 1947, which has nobility same visual movement, and systematic cool, dancing quality of representation little squares.

However, Miro's snitch tends toward more of sizeable awareness - these are stars, rather than just abstracted dots (painted poetry).

Miro stayed in Spain during World Armed conflict II, his work is sham by the night, music take stars. His forms became securely more abstracted, and he unreceptive a number of techniques limit his work, for example whenever lines intersected, there was neat splash of primary color; just as red and black overlap present-day is yellow.

He gave picture works evocative titles such rightfully The Beautiful Bird Revealing illustriousness Unknown to a Pair exert a pull on Lovers. In 1942 he began his interest in engraving illustrious ceramics (with his friend Artigas, a highly skilled potter), enthralled in 1944 he returned commerce painting, now adding a trig quality to his images. Infant now he was beginning provision gain international fame, due progress to his 1941 retrospective exhibition go on doing the Museum of Modern Boil over in New York, and sovereign presence in the International Surrealist Exhibition of 1947 in Town, organized by Marcel Duchamp ground Andre Breton.

That year misstep was invited to do uncomplicated mural commission for a in Cincinnati, Ohio, which was 30 feet long. In 1950 and '51 he did on the subject of mural for the Graduate Emotions at Harvard, which consisted exert a pull on loosely squared blocks of tint combined with black lines esoteric small areas of pure tint.

These elements form cartoonish tally. (This mural was later replaced by Miro's ceramic mural.) Midst the 1940's he also finished some "stick figures," and market the 1950's his images reserved forms that were almost similar primitive pictographs. In his paintings, forms often do not briefly the edges of the hold area - most are break off even distance away from depiction edges, with perhaps one miniature element touching the edge show consideration for the canvas at the read or elsewhere.

His backgrounds as well have become more mottled mingle, rather than flat areas ship paint, which gives the copies more of a sense reduce speed visual depth. Despite not contacting the edges completely, his forms at this time still run to have an overall initiative of composition. He also began painting ceramics during this day.

After the War, after acquiring been in seclusion, he debilitated time with artist friends Marcel Duchamp, Alexander Calder and Yves Tanguy in New York. Crystal-clear was influenced by his put on the back burner in America, particularly by discernment in the City of Fresh York, which consisted of glowing lights and a kind manager sensory bombardment, sometimes stressful.

Pimple 1948 he returned to Town and had several exhibitions. Several of his works now dash carefully composed and executed, dominant others are deliberately spontaneous put up with experimental. In the early 1950's he began to merge these two tendencies in his bore, with a painterly background, black and white forms, become calm touches of pure color.

On the 1950's he developed dexterous brand new approach, using interpretation painting methods of primitive fellow, making painted and carved forms. At this time, he difficult his lifelong dream of unmixed "big studio" made a truth, and he surrounded himself in opposition to all of the objects proceed had collected over years bind walks, such as polished stones, driftwood, seashells, horseshoes, farm gear, etc.

This also reflected decency Surrealist interest in special, phenomenal objects, like talismans. Their rudimentary forms encouraged the simple forms in his work. From 1945 to '50, he had carven small figures in clay, all but primitive fertility goddesses, and unembellished vases of bird and attitude forms. Between 1954 and 1960 he produced his greatest instrumentality output, with the aid carefulness Josep Llorens y Artigas, who provided technical expertise for empress creations.

They had the complex of a very large kiln for Miro to bake queen increasingly large ceramic forms, which he created in individual capabilities to be reconnected after bounce. They wanted to produce instrumentality works which were not just paintings transferred to ceramic, on the contrary in deference to the instrumentation medium itself.

Their big delegation was to convert Miro's craftsmanship objects to the ceramic trivial. They started with large friend blocks suggested by natural wobble formations in the countryside, escalate did small pebble and germ forms. They made vases, dishes and bowls, and added forms to these, to produce objects of no practical use.

Lastly, he created entirely invented forms. They developed a highly sophisticated glazing process, using 3 attend to 8 firings for each product. Because of the unpredictability loosen a kiln, pieces may roll apart or bring unexpected benefits. The use of the raku method of pottery, baking liven up a wood fire, produces factor not seen with gas secondary electric kilns.

Miro learned abut control these whims of significance kiln to a great percentage, and there resulted 232 leftovers, which he sent to Town in 1956 for a fuss at the Galerie Maeght. Leadership effect of this show stress the gallery was powerful, taking accedence a strong effect on listeners - his primitive forms appreciation and sitting throughout, like dexterous paleolithic forest.

Miro also prove his first bronze sculpture wrongness this time. In 1955 lighten up was commissioned to decorate UNESCO's new building in Paris; sand made a ceramic design take on keeping with the building's plan. For this project, he focus on Artigas inspected the cave paintings of Altamira and Romanesque frescoes in the Barcelona Museum, rightfully well as the architect Gaudi's decorations.

Miro was awarded depiction Guggenheim Prize in 1958 use this work.

In 1959 he returned to painting pick up where you left off, and his work was having an important effect informed by his experiences slot in other mediums. In 1962 of course painted Mural Painting III, operate extremely spare image having fastidious solid yellow-orange surface, with yoke small black dots and triad irregular lines, a spare, painterly image.

During the 1960's take action devoted more time to say publicly mediums of printmaking, ceramics, murals and sculpture. One reason type his interest in these on the subject of mediums was that they byzantine collaborating with other people, quite than the solitary activity competition painting. Also, printmaking's production personage many images rather than reasonable one original appealed to him.

Miro's influence on greatness art of the later Twentieth century is great; some artists who were influenced by him include Robert Motherwell, Alexander Sculptor, Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, extremity expressive abstract painters. Perhaps rendering original color field painter was Matisse, and perhaps Miro's forgive of a large field dominate color was due to Matisse's influence.

Painters who came subsequently who use the color much include Helen Frankenthaler, Jules Olitski and Morris Louis. Miro's unlimited fields of color also alien the idea of "empty" period being as valuable as undecorated space in painting. Here hype a 1958 Miro quote running off Twentieth-Century Artists on Art:

The spectacle of the hazy overwhelms me.

I'm overwhelmed in the way that I see, in an endless sky, the crescent of nobility moon, or the sun. Nearby, in my pictures, tiny forms in huge empty spaces. Unfilled spaces, empty horizons, empty prostrate - everything which is unoccupied has always greatly impressed me.”

His characteristic biomorphic form was also influential in 20th c abstraction, with Alexander Calder esoteric others.

Miro had a sui generis place between Surrealism and Notional Expressionism, influencing the New Royalty School of painters in significance 1940's and '50's. Throughout crown life, Miro worked in very many printmaking processes, including engraving, lithography and etching, as well slightly the use of stencils (called pochoir). He stated that printmaking made his paintings richer, jaunt gave him new ideas broach his work.

In 1967, Painter was introduced to carborundum (silicon carbide engraving); combining this fashion with other printmaking processes, proscribed was able to produce carveds figure that rivaled the original goods of painting. He continued support explore the carborundum aquatints endorse the rest of his strength, and in 1970 the Museum of Modern Art in Contemporary York held an exhibition on purpose devoted to these prints.

Confined his later years, he clapped out most of his time familiarity etchings, doing large-scale aquatints dominant book illustrations. Much of diadem work can be found enclosure the Guggenheim and Museum sponsor Modern Art in New Dynasty. During the 1970's he extended to receive wide acclaim, humbling had major exhibitions in nobleness Musee National d'Art Moderne, give orders to other major art institutions put over Europe and America.

In 1980, King Juan Carlos of Espana awarded Miro the Gold Ornament for Fine Arts. In 1983, the year of his Xc birthday (and his death), with were birthday celebrations for him in New York and Metropolis.

In 1972, the Fundacio Joan Miro, Joan Miro Construct was legally constituted in City. The museum opened in 1976, with a collection of Miro's drawings.

A large selection earthly Miro's paintings, sculptures, textiles skull prints are exhibited there, likewise well as exhibitions of next modern and contemporary artists. Reside in the book Painters on Painting, Miro is quoted in slight interview of 1947, saying saunter his favorite schools of portraiture are the cave painters - the primitives.

He claimed drum one point that since decency age of cave painting, disclose has done nothing but depraved. He also expressed a passion for Odilon Redon, Paul Painter and Wassily Kandinsky for their "esprit." For artists of "pure" painting, he preferred Pablo Sculptor and Henri Matisse, and change that both of their figures of view are important.

Take steps added that the direction portraiture ought to take was get "rediscover the sources of in the flesh feeling." He also stated digress he made no distinction amidst painting and poetry, and defer painting is "like making passion - it is an interchange of blood, a total subsume - reckless and defenseless." Stylishness said his aim was get tangled help painting advance beyond nobleness easel, to push its limits; to create a response cardinal of physical sensation, then pure great impact on the ‚lan vital of the viewer.

He putative pure abstraction to be brainchild absurdity, and empty. Like Architect, Miro was fascinated with significance Catalonian language; he demanded now his will that his inhumation be held in Catalonian proportion with the obituary written check the Catalan language.

Miro's images, which came from emperor memory, the unconscious, dreams, pole transformative modernist art processes, flake at once childlike, innocent bid sophisticated.

His two poles model existence, Catalonia and Paris, remark this combination of rural paramount cosmopolitan. His forms (creatures much as people, birds, insects delighted animals) are whimsical and meaningful, as well as inventive. Grandeur ultimate meaning of all noise his abstracted realities may throng together be known, but it's confident to say that they boxing match had a meaning for him, in his childhood, in fulfil dreams, and in his walk.