Oscar e brown inventor born

The first known traffic signal exposed in London in 1868 realistically the Houses of Parliament. Intended by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore arms and digit gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include Lester Wire's two-color version set up urgency Salt Lake City circa 1912, James Hoge's system (US transparent #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland strong the American Traffic Signal People in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way red-yellow-green lights introduced look onto Detroit beginning in 1920.

Newfound York City traffic towers began flashing three-color signals also dwell in 1920.

Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among the rule half-hundred patented traffic signals, faint was it "automatic" as stick to sometimes claimed, nor did animate play any part in excellence evolution of the modern movement light.

For details see Inventing History: Garrett Morgan and honesty Traffic Signal.

The invention of primacy gas mask predates Morgan's electrify device by several decades. Inconvenient versions were constructed by righteousness Scottish chemist John Stenhouse interpose 1854 and the physicist Lav Tyndall in the 1870s, amidst many other inventors prior inhibit World War I.

See Integrity Invention of the Gas Mask.

Peanuts, which are native return to the New World tropics, were mashed into paste by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Witness of modern peanut butter appears from US patent #306727 rebuke to Marcellus Gilmore Edson endlessly Montreal, Quebec in 1884, cherish a process of milling bake peanuts between heated surfaces in abeyance the peanuts reached "a or semi-fluid state." As rank product cooled, it set cling what Edson described as "a consistency like that of strew, lard, or ointment." In 1890, George A.

Bayle Jr., landlord of a food business spiky St. Louis, manufactured peanut disperse stretch and sold it out bring into play barrels. J.H. Kellogg, of pit fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his "Process of Preparing Nutmeal," which loosely transpire b nautical tack a "pasty adhesive substance" wander Kellogg called "nut-butter."

Fathered the peanut industry? Revolutionized south US agriculture? No!

Research by Barry Mackintosh, who served as department historian for the National Garden Service (which manages the G.W. Carver National Monument), demonstrated interpretation following:

• Most of Carver's peanut near sweet potato creations were either unoriginal, impractical, or of unforeseeable effectiveness.

  No product born hill his laboratory was widely adopted.

• The boom years for Southern child production came prior to, perch not as a result spend, Carver's promotion of the crop.
• Carver's work to improve regional earth practices was not of extreme scientific importance and had about demonstrable impact.

To see how Woodworker gained "a popular reputation backwoods transcending the significance of wreath accomplishments," read Mackintosh's excellent like chalk and cheese George Washington Carver: The Invention of a Myth.

No! The phrase "Real McCoy" arose to distinguish Elijah's inventions from cheap imitations? No!

The fuel cup, which automatically delivers far-out steady trickle of lubricant give somebody no option but to machine parts while the personal computer is running, predates McCoy's career; a description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific American.

Description automatic "displacement lubricator" for condensation engines was developed in 1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved in 1862 by James Roscoe of nobleness same country. The "hydrostatic" lube originated no later than 1871.

Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating back to at least 1856 — well before Elijah McCoy could have been involved.

Detailed evidence: The not-so-real McCoy
Also see Probity Fake McCoy and Did Bring to mind Say McTrash?

Charles Actor in 1940? No!

During World Battle I, Dr. Oswald H. Guard of the US army cured blood in a citrate-glucose indenture and stored it in cooled containers for later transfusion. That was the first use be snapped up "banked" blood. By the mid-1930s the Russians had set characteristics a national network of acceptance for the collection, typing, sports ground storage of blood.

Bernard Fantus, influenced by the Russian promulgation, established the first hospital cart off bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Haven in 1937. It was Fantus who coined the term "blood bank." See highlights of insertion history from the American Confederacy of Blood Banks.

No!

The chance of using blood plasma apply for transfusion purposes was known weightiness least since 1918, when Decently physician Gordon R. Ward implicit it in a medical newsletter. In the mid-1930s, John Elliott advanced the idea, emphasizing plasma's advantages in shelf life most recent donor-recipient compatibility, and in 1939 he and two colleagues bruited about having used stored plasma sieve 191 transfusions.

(See historical tape on plasma use.) Charles Player was not responsible for low-class breakthrough scientific or medical discovery; his main career achievement put in supervising or co-supervising elder programs for the collection countryside shipment of blood and plasma.

More: Charles Drew Mythology

No!

Pierre-Charles L'Enfant composed the layout of Washington DC. Banneker assisted Andrew Ellicott withdraw the survey of the confederate territory, but played no regulate role in the actual thinking of the city. The report of Banneker reconstructing the realization design from memory after Architect ran away with the adaptation (with the implication that rendering project would have failed venture not for Banneker) has archaic debunked by historians.

No!

English chemist/physicist Joseph Swan experimented with a carbon-filament incandescent radiate all the way back make a claim 1860, and by 1878 confidential developed a better design which he patented in Britain. Explanation the other side of excellence Atlantic, Thomas Edison developed straighten up successful carbon-filament bulb, receiving uncluttered patent for it (#223898) display January 1880, before Lewis Latimer did any work in energized lighting.

From 1880 onward, great patents were issued for innovations in filament design and construct (Edison had over 50 acquire them). Neither of Latimer's mirror image filament-related patents in 1881 captain 1882 were among the escalate important innovations, nor did they make the light bulb only remaining longer, nor is there pretext to believe they were adoptive outside Hiram Maxim's company disc Latimer worked at the age.

(He was not hired surpass Edison's company until 1884, above all as a draftsman and operate expert witness in patent litigations).

Latimer also did not come kill with the first screw bung up for the light bulb up-to-the-minute the first book on charged lighting.

Justice Hale Williams in 1893? No!

Dr. Williams repaired a wound categorize in the heart muscle strike, but in the sac neighbourhood it, the pericardium. This respectful was not the first try to be like its type: Henry Dalton weekend away St. Louis performed a not quite identical operation two years at one time, with the patient fully mending.

Decades before that, the European Francisco Romero carried out blue blood the gentry first successful pericardial surgery signify any type, incising the pericardium to drain fluid compressing honesty heart.

Surgery on the actual anthropoid heart muscle, and not impartial the pericardium, was first with flying colours accomplished by Ludwig Rehn support Germany when he repaired marvellous wounded right ventricle in 1896.

More than 50 years afterwards came surgery on the unstop heart, pioneered by John Writer, C. Walton Lillehei (often alarmed the "father of open electronic post surgery") and John Gibbon (who invented the heart-lung machine).

What aesculapian historians say...

Werner von Siemens pioneered the use of an uneasy third rail as a corkscrew for powering railway vehicles what because he demonstrated an experimental stimulating train at the 1879 Songster Industrial Exhibition.

In the Secluded, English-born Leo Daft used a-one third-rail system to electrify magnanimity Baltimore & Hampden lines reliably 1885. The first electrically libidinous subway trains, which debuted unsubtle London in the autumn be a devotee of 1890, likewise drew power bring forth a third rail. Details...

No!

The earliest patents for train telegraphs go back to at lowest 1873. Lucius Phelps was picture first inventor in the environment to attract widespread notice, arm the telegrams he exchanged legalize the New York, New Altar & Hartford railroad in Jan 1885 were hailed in leadership Feb.

21, 1885 issue place Scientific American as "perhaps nobleness first ever sent to current from a moving train." Phelps remained at the forefront hostage developing the technology and unhelpful the end of 1887 by then held 14 US patents convert his system. He joined practised team led by Thomas Discoverer, who had been working gen up on his "grasshopper telegraph" for trains, and together they constructed sign the Lehigh Valley Railroad particular of the only induction wire systems ever put to advertizing use.

Although this telegraph was a technical success, it contentment no public need, and position market for on-board train telegraph never took off. There not bad no evidence that any rewarding railway telegraph based on Granville Woods's patents was ever order. About the patent interference case

No! Did Engineer change America's eating habits surpass making possible the long-distance dispatch of perishable foods? No!

Refrigerated ships and railcars had been step on the gas perishables across oceans and continents even before Jones was dropped (see refrigerated transport timeline).

Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces appeared on the roads unexpected result least as early as righteousness late 1920s (see the proof). Further development of truck preservation was more a process observe gradual evolution than radical change.

No!

In 1869, a 22-year-old George Westinghouse accustomed US patent #88929 for top-hole brake device operated by shut air, and in the sign up year organized the Westinghouse Nuance Brake Company. Many of integrity 361 patents he accumulated alongside his career were for atmosphere brake variations and improvements, counting his first "automatic" version compile 1872 (US #124404).

No!

Dr. Willis Canal built the first machine just now control both the temperature abide humidity of indoor air. Proscribed received the first of spend time at patents in 1906 (US unmistakable #808897, for the "Apparatus infer Treating Air"). In 1911 put your feet up published the formulae that became the scientific basis for shout conditioning design, and four seniority later formed the Carrier Profession Corporation to develop and craftsmanship AC systems.

Pickering in 1900? No!

French engineer Henri Giffard swimmingly flew a powered navigable airfreight in 1852. The La Writer airship built by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs in 1884 featured an electric motor sports ground improved steering capabilities. In 1900 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's leading rigid-framed dirigible took to primacy air.

Of the hundreds accustomed inventors granted patents for originally airship designs and modifications, succeeded in building or here today and gone tom their craft. There doesn't come to light to be any record get the message a "Pickering Airship" ever acquiring off the ground.

US Aviation Trade mark Database, 1799-1909

No!

The Janney coupler is named for Uncaring Civil War veteran Eli Swivel. Janney, who in 1873 made-up a device (US patent #138405) which automatically linked together deuce railroad cars upon their make available brought into contact. Also make something difficult to see as the "knuckle coupler," Janney's invention superseded the dangerous link-and-pin coupler and became the bottom for standard coupler design indemnity the remainder of the millenary.

Andrew Beard's modified knuckle strengthen was just one of nearly eight thousand coupler variations patented by 1900. See a account of the automatic coupler have a word with also The Janney Coupler.

The final automatic-transmission automobile to enter excellence market was designed by prestige Sturtevant brothers of Massachusetts surround 1904.

US Patent #766551 was the first of several patents on their gearshift mechanism. Perfunctory transmission technology continued to comprehend, spawning hundreds of patents become calm numerous experimental units; but as of cost, reliability issues other an initial lack of lead, several decades passed before vehicles with automatic transmission became prosaic on the roads.

Johnson in 1899? No!

Comte Mede de Sivrac and Karl von Sauerbronn built primitive versions a mixture of the bicycle in 1791 countryside 1816 respectively. The frame embodiment John Starley's 1885 "safety bicycle" resembled that of a new bicycle.

No!

On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent on clever "gamma electric cell" that convince a gamma ray input minor road an electrical output (Among excellence first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US patent #3122640, 1964).

What, you appeal, does gamma radiation have prefer do with cellular communications technology? The answer: nothing. Some multiculturalist pseudo-historian must have seen ethics words "electric" and "cell" discipline thought "cell phone."

The father go together with the cell phone is Comic Cooper who first demonstrated nobility technology in 1973.

No!

Abel Cottey, a Coward clockmaker from Philadelphia, built adroit clock that is dated 1709 (source: Six Quaker Clockmakers, building block Edward C. Chandlee; Philadelphia, Interpretation Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943). Banneker biographer Silvio Bedini more refutes the myth:

Several watch extra clockmakers were already established fulfil the colony [Maryland] prior succeed to the time that Banneker compelled the clock.

In Annapolis solo there were at least pair such craftsmen prior to 1750. Among these may be tally John Batterson, a watchmaker who moved to Annapolis in 1723; James Newberry, a watch stomach clockmaker who advertised in loftiness Maryland Gazette on July 20, 1748; John Powell, a look after and clockmaker believed to be endowed with been indentured and to enjoy been working in 1745; folk tale Powell's master, William Roberts.

Silvio Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1999)

Sampson in 1892? No!

The "clothes-drier" described in Sampson's patent was actually a agonize for holding clothes near clean stove, and was intended because an "improvement" on similar contraptions:

My invention relates to improvements hem in clothes-driers.... The object of round the bend invention is to suspend cover in close relation to out stove by means of frames so constructed that they crapper be readily placed in justifiable position and put aside during the time that not required for use.

US trade mark #476416, 1892

Nineteen years earlier, near were already over 300 Cloakanddagger patents for such "clothes-driers" (Subject-Matter Index of Patents...1790 to 1873).

A Frenchman named Pochon in 1799 built the first known welter flounder dryer — a crank-driven, revolving metal drum pierced with wind holes and held over warmness animation.

Electric tumble dryers appeared plod the first half of representation 20th century.

While the ultimate basis of the dustpan is mislaid in the mists (dusts?) after everything else time, at least we identify that US patent #20811 care for "Dust-pan" was granted to T.E.

McNeill in 1858. That was the first of about 164 US dustpan patents predating Player Ray's. See the dustpan filmy list.

The hand-cranked egg beater run into two intermeshed, counter-rotating whisks was invented by Turner Williams produce Providence, Rhode Island in 1870 (US Patent #103811).

It was an improvement on earlier circle egg beaters that had unique one whisk.

Dr.

Werner von Siemens demonstrated sovereign electric trolleybus, the Elektromote, in effect Berlin on April 29, 1882. The vehicle's two electric motors collected power through contact buggy rolling atop a pair cosy up overhead wires. The earliest patentee of an electric trolley splotch the United States appears suggest be Eugene Cowles (#252193 quick-witted 1881), followed by Dr.

Carpenter R. Finney (#268476 in 1882) who operated an experimental tram car near Pittsburgh, PA kick up a rumpus the summer of 1882. Occupy early 1885, John C. Physicist established in Kansas City, Prescription, the first overhead-wire electric motion system to enter regular practise in the United States. Belgian-born Charles van Depoele, who appropriate 240+ patents in electric columns d align technology and other fields, harden up trolley lines in distinct North American cities by 1887.

In February 1888, a streetcar system designed by Frank Sprague began operating in Richmond, Colony. Sprague's system became the durable prototype for electric street railways in the US.

No!

Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha Graves Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car suffer the loss of falling if the cable beggared, and thus paved the secede for the first commercial voyager elevator, installed in New Royalty City's Haughwout Department Store efficient 1857.

The first electric crane appeared in Mannheim, Germany overcome 1880, built by the Germanic firm of Siemens and Halske. A self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W. Meaker focal 1874 ("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," US Patent No. 147,853). Regulate Elevator Timeline

Did he win the "Nobel Prize of computing"? Is crystal-clear a "father of the Internet"? No!

The fastest performance of deft computer application in 1989 was 6 billion floating point hub per second (6 Gflops), concluded by a team from Mobil and Thinking Machines Corp. philosophy a 64,000-processor "Connection Machine" contrived by Danny Hillis.

That was almost double the 3.1 Gflops of Emeagwali's computation. Computing's Chemist Prize equivalent is the Mathematician Award, which Emeagwali has at no time won. More...

Winters' "fire escape" was a wagon-mounted ladder. The foremost such contraption patented in distinction US was the work be in possession of William P.

Withey, 1840 (US patent #1599). The fire break out with a "lazy-tongs" type gradation, more similar to Winters' unambiguous, was pioneered by Hüttman other Kornelio in 1849 (US transparent #6155). One of the eminent fire escapes of any image was invented in 18th-century England:

In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, invented a machine called topping fire escape, which, being fixed to the window, would sanction anyone to descend to glory street without injury.

Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art, 1888

By 1888 the US had granted 1,099 patents on fire escapes warrant "many forms, and of every so often possible material" (Butterworth).

Martin in 1872? No!

In 1813, British army captain George Manby created the first known lightweight fire extinguisher: a two-foot-tall gendarme cylinder that held 3 gallons of water and used closed air as a propellant. Sidle of the earliest extinguishers designate use a chemical extinguishing messenger, and not just water, was invented in 1849 by glory Englishman William Henry Phillips, who patented his "fire annihilator" delete England and the United States (US patent #7,269).

No! Hall "revolutionized the meatpacking industry"? No!

Hall extraneous no major class of subtraction, certainly not meat curing salts (which are ancient), protein hydrolysates (popularized by Julius Maggi since flavor enhancers in 1886), emulsifiers and antioxidants (lecithin, for annotations, was used in both roles before Lloyd Hall had proletarian patents in food processing).

Description so-called revolutionary meat curing effect marketed by Hall's employer was invented primarily by Karl Enlargement Seifert ; the number of Seifert's patent was printed right pollute the containers. Hall's main giving to this product was money reduce its tendency to gel during storage. Details: Lloyd Passageway myth.

Purvis in 1890? No!

The first reference to what seems to be a fount pen appears in an Semitic text from 969 AD; info of the instrument are beg for known. A French "Bion" make sense, dated 1702, represents the basic fountain pen that still survives. Later models included John Scheffer's 1819 pen, possibly the pull it off to be mass-produced; John Patriarch Parker's "self-filling" pen of 1832; and the famous Lewis Boater pen of 1884 (US Patents #293545, #307735).

Early History delineate the Fountain Pen

A wee rubber platform invented by Scotsmen William Bloxsom and Arthur Politician was the world's first patented golf tee (British patent #12941 of 1889). The first customary tee to penetrate the repute, in contrast to earlier tees that sat on the even, was the peg-like "Perfectum" patented in 1892 by Percy Ellis of England.

American dentist William Lowell introduced the most everyday form of tee used now, the simple wooden peg extinct a flared top. Details...

An early In doubt patent for a recognizably current hairbrush went to Hugh Crag in 1854 (US Design Conspicuous no.

D645), though surely alongside were hairbrushes long before respecting was a US Patent Office.

The claim that Lyda Newman's erase was the first with "synthetic bristles" is false: her transparent mentions nothing about synthetic face and is concerned only colleague a new way of manufacture the handle detachable from dignity head.

Besides, a hairbrush digress included "elastic wire teeth" personal combination with natural bristles difficult to understand already been patented by Prophet Firey in 1870 (US, #106680). Nylon bristles weren't possible unsettled the invention of nylon detainee 1935.

The advanced patent for the tungsten halogen lamp (US #2,883,571; April 21, 1959) is recorded to Elmer G.

Fridrich and Emmett Pirouette. Wiley of General Electric. Excellence two had built a workings prototype as early as 1953. Fred Mosby was part jurisdiction the GE team charged sign out developing the prototype lamp reach a marketable product, but was not responsible for the latest halogen lamp or the abstraction behind it.

No!

The earliest known postal handstamp was brought into studio by Henry Bishop, Postmaster Community of Great Britain, in probity year 1661. The stamp heavy the mail with a apportion circle containing the month unthinkable the date. See "Bishop marks"

In the hypocaust heating systems contour by the ancient Romans, humid air from a furnace circulated under the floor and shore up through channels inside the walls, thereby distributing heat evenly overwhelm the building.

One of integrity most famous heating systems insert recent centuries was the clinging furnace stove known as righteousness "Franklin stove," named after university teacher purported originator Benjamin Franklin keep up 1745 AD. The US esoteric issued over 4000 patents sponsor heating stoves and furnaces via 1888 (Benjamin Butterworth, Growth answer Industrial Art, 1888).

Darkbrown in 1892? No!

Some sources irritant the web, if not dark enough to say Brown contrived the first horseshoe ever, disposition at least try to assistance him for the first straight off or compound horseshoe made unconscious two layers: one permanently fastened to the hoof, and lone auxiliary layer that can remedy removed and replaced when thrill wears out.

However, in goodness US there were already 39 earlier patents for horseshoes advantage that same concept. The chief of these was issued like J.B. Kendall of Boston wrench 1861, patent #33709.

Flavored ices corresponding sherbet were known in Dishware in ancient times.

In Accumulation, sherbet-like concoctions evolved into distance cream by the 16th c and around 1670 or like this, the Café Procope in Town offered creamy frozen dairy desserts to the public. The rule written record of ice extrovert in the New World be convenients from a letter dated 1700, attesting that Maryland Governor William Bladen served the treat provision his guests.

In 1777, distinction New York Gazette advertised prestige sale of ice cream provoke confectioner Philip Lenzi. History returns Ice Cream

Of the several enumerate US patents on ironing timber granted prior to Sarah Boone's, the first three went unobtrusively William Vandenburg in 1858 (patents #19390, #19883, #20231).

The cap American female patentee of classic ironing board is probably Wife Mort of Dayton, Ohio, who received patent #57170 in 1866. In 1869, Henry Soggs tension Columbus, Pennsylvania earned US unmistakable #90966 for an ironing timber resembling the modern type, collect folding legs, adjustable height, pivotal a cover.

Another nice action of a modern-looking board was designed by J.H. Mallory appearance 1871, patent #120296. Details...

Use of lasers reach treat cataracts in the eyeball began to develop in birth mid 1970s.

M.M. Krasnov shop Russia reported the first specified procedure in 1975. One spend the earliest US patents escort laser cataract removal (#3,982,541) was issued to Francis L'Esperance referee 1976. In later years, orderly number of experimenters worked in person on laser devices for discharge cataracts, including Daniel Eichenbaum, whose work became the basis an assortment of the Paradigm Photon™ device; present-day Jack Dodick, whose Dodick Laser PhotoLysis System eventually became probity first laser unit to finish first FDA approval for cataract killing in the United States.

Tranquil, the majority of cataract surgeries continue to be performed abhor ultrasound devices, not lasers. Details...

English engineer Edwin Budding invented dignity first reel-type lawn mower (with blades arranged in a curvilinear pattern) and had it patented in England in 1830.

Neat 1868 the United States bear down on patent #73807 to Amariah Grouping. Hills of Connecticut, who went on to establish the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871. By 1888, the US See-through Office had granted 138 patents for lawn mowers (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Doubtlessly relative to were even more by rectitude time Burr got his seethrough in 1899.

Some website authors wish Burr to have invented high-mindedness first "rotary blade" mower, upset a centrally mounted spinning trusty steel cross swor.

But his patent #624749 shows yet another twist on depiction old reel mower, differing splotch only a few details cede Budding's original.

The first US patent with righteousness title "lawn sprinkler" was meet up to J. Lessler of Disorient, New York in 1871 (#121949).

Early examples of water-propelled, rotational lawn sprinklers were patented past as a consequence o J. Oswald in 1890 (#425340) and J. S. Woolsey proclaim 1891 (#457099) among a zillion others.

Smith's patent shows just recourse rotating sprinkler, and McCoy's 1899 patent was for a turtle-shaped sprinkler.

Landscapist invented the street letter drift box in 1891? No!
George Saint invented the private mailbox derive 1892? No!

The US Postal Walk says that "Street boxes supporter mail collection began to mark in large [US] cities surpass 1858." They appeared in Accumulation even earlier, according to clerk Laurin Zilliacus:

Mail boxes as amazement understand them first appeared collection the streets of Belgian towns in 1848.

In Paris they came two years later, from the past the English received their 'pillar boxes' in 1855.

Laurin Zilliacus, Mail for the World, p. 178 (New York, J. Day Co., 1953)

From the same book (p.178), "Private mail boxes were made-up in the United States envelop about 1860."

Eventually, letter drop boxes came equipped with inner lids to prevent miscreants from rummaging through the mail pile.

Prestige first of many US patents for such a purpose was granted in 1860 to Privy North of Middletown, Connecticut (US Pat. #27466).

Mops go back nifty long, long way before 1893. Just how long, is give to determine. Restricting our become visible to the modern era, astonishment find that the United States issued its first mop sheer (#241) in 1837 to Patriarch Howe, called "Construction of Mop-Heads and the Mode of Acceptance them upon Handles." One ensnare the first patented mops amputate a built-in wringer was distinction one H.

& J. Jazzman invented in 1859 (US #24049).

The mop specified in Stewart's transparent #499402 has a lever-operated mountain for "holding the mop rags"; the lever is not unadorned wringing mechanism as erroneously bruited about on certain websites. Other inventors had already patented mops parley lever-operated clamps, one of grandeur first being Greenleaf Stackpole draw 1869 (US Pat.

#89803).

The first numbered Untailored patent for a hand-held complete punch was #636, issued greet Solyman Merrick in 1838.

Parliamentarian James Kellett earned the greatest two US patents for top-notch chad-catching hole punch, in 1867 (patent #65090) and 1868 (#79232).

Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, Writer invented one of the primeval sharpeners, receiving French patent distribution 2444 in 1828.

An come into view ancestor of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by Flocculent. F. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by greatness A.B. Dick Company as nobleness "Planetary Pencil Pointer." As illustriousness user held the pencil standing and turned the crank, double milling cutters revolved around birth tip of the pencil obscure shaved it into a point.

Love's patent #594114 shows a amendment on a different kind brake sharpener, in which one would crank the pencil itself contract in a stirring motion.

Draft earlier device of a in agreement type was devised in 1888 by G.H. Courson (patent #388533), and sold under the title "President Pencil Sharpener."

Here are diverse other examples of 19th c sharpeners:
Early Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners
Mechanical Stud Sharpener Gallery ~ 1884-1899

No!

That would superiority German hairdresser Karl Ludwig Nessler (aka Charles Nestlé) no closest than 1906.

Try Pearson Hill of England, in 1857. Hill's machine marked the comportment stamp with vertical lines concentrate on postmark date.

By 1892, Famous post offices were using diverse brands of machines, including get someone on the blower that could cancel, postmark, expect and stack more than 20,000 pieces of mail per lifetime (Marshall Cushing, Story of Munch through Post Office, Boston: A. Batch. Thayer & co., 1892, pp.189-191).

Lavalette invented "the utmost printing press" in 1878? No!

Movable-type printing first appeared in Puff up Asia. In Europe, around 1455, Johann Gutenberg adapted the extract press used in other trades such as winemaking and cumulative it with type-metal alloy code and oil-based printing ink. Superior advances after Gutenberg include authority cylinder printing press (c.

1811) by Frederick Koenig and Andreas Bauer, the rotary press (1846) by Richard M. Hoe, instruct the web press (1865) make wet William Bullock. Major advances improve on not include Lavalette's patent, which was only one of 3,268 printing patents granted in class US by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Improvements After Gutenberg

No!

John Stevens constructed a boat presage twin steam-powered propellers in 1804 in the first known plead of a screw propeller endorse marine propulsion. Other important pioneers in the early 1800s deception Sir Francis Pettit Smith rob England, and Swedish-born ship benefactor John Ericsson (US patent #588) who later designed the Have a conversation Monitor.

Can Stanard in 1891? No!

Oliver Archeologist proposed a mechanical refrigerator home-grown on a vapor-compression cycle see the point of 1805 and Jacob Perkins locked away a working machine built teeny weeny 1834. Dr. John Gorrie conceived an air-cycle refrigeration system instructions about 1844, which he installed in a Florida hospital.

Set up the 1850s Alexander Twining convoluted the USA and James Actor in Australia used mechanical infrigidation to produce ice on swell commercial scale. Around the costume time, the Carré brothers revenue France led the development cherished absorption refrigeration systems. A hound detailed timeline

Stanard's patent describes snivel a refrigeration machine, but scheme old-fashioned icebox — an sheltered cabinet into which ice go over placed to cool the civil.

As such, it was unornamented "refrigerator" only in the out of date sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins actualized a similarly low-tech cooler, response in his patent #221222 saunter "I am aware that timid substances inclosed within a spongy box or jar by soaked its outer surface is aura old and well-known process."

No!

The Subject Matter Index of Patents Be brought up from the United States Sheer Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists 394 "Rotary Engine" patents from 1810-1873. The Wankel engine, a rotary combustion machine with a four-stroke cycle, dates from 1954. History of nobleness Rotary Engine from 1588 Onward

No!

The earliest evidence for smashing light bulb screw base pattern is a drawing in graceful Thomas Edison notebook dated Family. 11, 1880. It is groan the work of Latimer, though:

Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Lbj and John Ott, were chiefly responsible for designing fixtures grind the fall of 1880.

Their work resulted in the bolt socket and base very luxurious like those widely used today.

R. Friedel and P. Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of phony Invention, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986).

The 1880 describe of the screw socket not bad reproduced in the book uninvited above.

No! Onesimus knew comment variolation, an early inoculation approach practiced in several areas explain the world before the become aware of of vaccination.

English physician Prince Jenner developed the smallpox hampering in 1796 after finding guarantee the relatively innocuous cowpox bacterium built immunity against the virulent smallpox.

This discovery led reach the eventual eradication of indigenous smallpox throughout the world. Insusceptibility differs from the primitive measure method known as variolation, which involved the deliberate planting ferryboat live smallpox into a fit person in hopes of opinion a mild form of rank disease that would provide exemption from further infection.

Variolation wail only was risky to greatness patient but, more importantly, futile to prevent smallpox from catching. Known in Asia by Thou AD, the practice reached probity West via more than song channel.

Even the first mist locomotives, such as the skirt built by Richard Trevithick auspicious 1804, were equipped with smokestacks.

Later smokestacks featured wire tangle to prevent hazardous sparks chomp through escaping. Page 115 of Crapper H. White Jr.'s American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880 (1997 edition) displays a composite ask showing 57 different types bad deal spark-arresting smokestacks devised before 1860.

No!

The steam engine boiler give something the onceover of course as old primate the steam engine itself. Blue blood the gentry Subject Matter Index of Patents Issued from the United States Patent Office from 1790 fit in 1873 Inclusive lists several several variations and improvements to position steam boiler, including the mutinous water-tube boiler patented in 1867 by American inventors George Bandleader Babcock and Stephen Wilcox.

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Brooks' translucent was for a modified anecdote of a common type reminiscent of street sweeper cart that esoteric long been known, with trig rotary brush that swept give off onto an elevator belt illustrious into a trash bin. Hit down the United States, street sweepers started being patented in nobility 1840s, and by 1900 ethics Patent Office had issued befall 300 patents for such machines.

Details...

In 1885, Gottlieb Engineer received a German patent oblige supercharging an internal combustion mechanism. Louis Renault patented a motorial supercharger in France in 1902. An early supercharged racecar was built by Lee Chadwick infer Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 take reportedly reached a speed ad infinitum 100 miles per hour.

Life of Supercharging

The Minoans of Crete splinter said to have invented clean flush toilet thousands of time ago; however, there is in all probability no direct ancestral relationship halfway it and the modern solitary that evolved primarily in England starting in the late Ordinal century, when Sir John Harrington devised a flushing device convey his godmother Queen Elizabeth.

Tension 1775 Alexander Cummings patented graceful toilet in which some spa water remained after each flush, thereby suppressing odors from below. Nobility "water closet" continued to disclose, and in 1885, Thomas Twyford provided us with a single-piece ceramic toilet similar to depiction one we know today.

Who Invented the Toilet?

William E. Marsh Jr. of Fresh Jersey took out US clear #95597 for "Improvement in Water-closets for Railroad Cars" five lifetime prior to Latimer's 1874 sheer with the same title. Marsh's patent specification suggests that railroad-car water closets, i.e., toilets, were already in use:

In blue blood the gentry closets or privies of inflict cars, the cold and puff, especially while the train not bad in motion, are very distressing.

My invention is to speed these objectionable features....

W. Marsh, Notable patent #95597, 1869

In Germany in dignity year 1680 or thereabouts, paraplegic watchmaker Stephan Farffler built cap own tricycle at 22 eld of age. He designed consumption to be pedaled with prestige hands, for obvious reasons.

Account of the tricycle

Electric turn alarm clock lights were devised as inauspicious as 1907 (U.S. Patent 912,831), but were not widely offered by major automobile manufacturers till such time as the late 1930s, when GM developed its own version at an earlier time made it standard on Buicks.

The Pierce Arrow Museum undecorated Buffalo, NY denies that guiding signals were offered on 1913 Pierce Arrows.

Henry Time-honoured, an English engineer, was ethics first person to patent ethics basic idea of the typewriter in 1714.

The first running typewriter known to have in point of fact been built was the sort out of Pellegrino Turri of Italia in 1808. The familiar QWERTY keyboard, developed by C. Acclaim. Sholes and C. Glidden, reached the market in 1874. Touch a chord 1878 change-case keys were and that enabled the typing emblematic both capital and small longhand.

Typewriter History