Edwin perkins born

 Kool-Aid—a name simple but catchy, straighten up product unprepossessing but salable. In the present day, a household word for billions. The Kool-Aid story is influence American dream come true, say publicly classic tale of a grassy man with brains, imagination, dialect trig strong work ethic and commerce ability who was able be determined parlay a few simple chemicals into a multi-million dollar business—rising from sodhouse to mansion talk to one lifetime.

Kool-Aid itself was intrinsic in Hastings and reached happening in Chicago.

The Kool-Aid yarn is also the story avail yourself of Edwin E. Perkins and realm family. Born in Lewis, Ioway, on January 8, 1889, King was the oldest son past its best David and Kizandra Perkins, whose families had migrated from orient states in an earlier time. Kizzie’s father had once anachronistic a station agent at honesty Julesburg stage station on significance Oregon Trail, and in 1893, the Perkins family sold their general store in Iowa keep from moved to a farm unsubtle Furnas County, Nebraska.

There they lived in a three-room sodhouse which was distinguished from balance because it had wooden floors and calcimined walls. They hauled their water from the famously a mile away. When set up was time for the family tree to go to school, they walked three miles across influence prairie to a one-room schoolhouse.

The 1890’s in Nebraska were intense years of drought, unrelenting ardour and grasshopper invasions.

Many in want families survived only because sustenance and clothing were shipped disseminate Aid Societies in the Orient. But although the Perkins coat lived on the farm confound seven years, its members were able to survive without open-mindedness. Part of the reason was undoubtedly that they had good savings to fall back park, but most of it was that the family was eager.

The father labored long noonday in the fields, tending rendering crops, the garden, caring fail to appreciate the milk cows and property up a herd of pedigree Poland China hogs. The be silent raised poultry, made butter station cheese, and every Saturday would load the children and class produce into the buggy, rein up old Nellie, and group ten miles to Beaver Gen to make her rounds acquire butter and eggs to capital customers.

There was little spell for leisure.

By the end look upon the decade, the family traded the farm for a communal store in the village sharing Hendley, and on January 1, 1900, they moved there and the children would be propose to to schools. There were ultimately ten children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. After quint years in the general depot, David Perkins was able compel to build a new store shop, a frame one with tidy sign on it: “D.M.

Perkins-General Merchandise.”

In his after-school hours, 11-year-old Edwin began clerking in nobility store, sometimes turning the rotary candy case so fast desert the customers would have give out call out, “Slow Down! Throb down!” so that they could make their selections of currency candy. A family friend wiped out home packages of a work of fiction dessert from a shopping switch over to Hastings.

It was hailed Jell-O, and it came press “Six Delicious Flavors.” Edwin was entranced with it and trustworthy his father to carry drop in the store. For ethics rest of his life, take steps recounted how the Six Ambrosial Flavors influenced his decision cast off your inhibitions get into the pre-packaged gallop business.

In a magazine sold give back the general store, Edwin maxim an advertisement, ”Be a producer — Mixer’s Guide tells regardless how — write today,” and pull out off to Ft.

Madison, Sioux, to get some formulas additional labels with his name printed on them. The labels develop “Manufactured by Perkins Products Co., Hendley, Nebr.” The youngster, afford now 12 or 13 age old, made a nuisance pan himself in his mother’s cookhouse, making pungent extracts, medicines ray other concoctions suggested in decency packet.

Edwin also noticed sales opportunities in which people could come by merchandise from wholesalers and manufacturers and sell it door-to-door fetch what were advertised as “great profits.” Before long, he money-oriented a small hand printing force and rubber-stamp making equipment like this he could do his weary printing.

For the four seniority after he finished high institute, he published the local hebdomadary newspaper, the Hendley Delphic, stomach turned out job-printing orders, plus his own Perkins Products Director. labels.

During those years Edwin was also the village postmaster, gleam in the back of glory Hendley post office, he butt his printing equipment and like a cat on a hot tin roof up a mail order share out for his products.

Business was so brisk that it accumulated the rating of the pillar office from a “cancellation” aim to a respectable salaried compartmentalization. Perkins made and sold dye, perfume, and other preparations about to happen out of the chemical recessed. These were sold through deal agents by what was skull as “trust scheme” methods, goodness agent being trusted with birth merchandise and rewarded with uncomplicated premium when he sold illustriousness goods and sent in prestige money.

It was the identical kind of business procedure stylishness had seen advertised in magazines.

In 1918 Edwin put together top-notch remedy for the tobacco regimentals, packaged under the name “Nix-O-Tine Tobacco Remedy” and sold impassion through direct mail to ultimate consumers and such of them considerably wanted to become agents.

Nobleness first advertisement for this medicine, published in the Police Journal, cost $35, all the seat of government the promoter dared to risk.

For Edwin Perkins was a novel bridegroom, having married Kathryn Mixture. Shoemaker, his childhood sweetheart instruct the daughter of Hendley’s sole doctor, in September, 1918. Funds that, Edwin and “Kitty,” translation she preferred to be labelled, were inseparable.

Mrs. Perkins remained in the background in establishment matters, but she was corresponding perfectly with the young bourgeois and remained devoted to him for the rest of squash life.

When veterans returned home hold up World War I, many respect the cigarette habit picked call attention to in the army, the baccy remedy business prospered.

Nix-O-Tine tackled nicotine dependency from several angles: it was composed of herbs to be chewed, large faded herbal tablets to be swallowed, a hideous-tasting mouth-wash with sterling nitrate in it and clever powerful herbal laxative. The cumulative effort was guaranteed to comprise anyone, and for those who stuck to the program, smidgen probably did.

Business was good, to such a degree accord much that on Valentine’s Vacation, 1920, Edwin and Kitty assumed to Hastings, eighty miles familiarize of Hendley.

Its location crooked several railroads and highways uncomplicated it a better distribution give somebody the lowdown than the small village. On the contrary Hastings was not the couple’s first choice for their original home. The Perkinses planned indifference move to southern California, crucial in fact were packed run into go, when Edwin suffered principally attack of bleeding ulcers.

Sustenance his release from the polyclinic, he decided to stay include Nebraska to be near kith and kin and to maintain a main location for his mail indication business. The ulcer problem persisted, producing an ironic situation: position patent medicine man suffered everyday spells of illness throughout coronate life.

In Hastings Edwin and Stock rented quarters, 22 x 60 feet in size, on nobleness second floor of the Strange Fellows building at 218 1/2 North Lincoln Avenue.

For sestet months they lived in interpretation back room and turned go on a goslow their products in the enhancement. Their heat was a cookstove, fueled by coal hoisted neurosis from the alley with pail and rope, stored in boss closet. They then purchased unadorned small bungalow at 735 Northern Washington Avenue.

By August, 1920, the rest of the next of kin, including Momma and Papa Perkins, also moved from Hendley, position houses first at 2004 Westside 4th Street, then 412 Boreal Colorado.

Despite the family’s limited income, Edwin went to St. Prizefighter for a month in loftiness summer of 1921 to see more about the household compounds business.

He worked with smart small firm which contracted see to make bulk orders of lotions, creams, medicines, etc. and gripped their production and distribution techniques. Returning to Hastings, he prostrate a year preparing to loop his own “Onor-Maid” line admire products. During this time lighten up and the rest of honourableness Perkinses were supported by baccy remedy sales.

In April, 1922, primacy company moved again, this hour to “an unpretentious home” (in the words of a Advance 22, 1923, article in position Hastings Tribune) on the alternate floor of A.H.

Mansfield’s chattels at 510 West First High road. During this period, Edwin Perkins hired his first chemist, Orval Adcock, a local man expanse a 7th grade education however natural abilities.

To sell the lodging products, Edwin set up spruce nationwide system of representatives who sold door-to-door from sample cases, using the same procedures likewise salesmen for Watkins, Jewel Ale and other companies.

Nix-O-Tine coupled with the company’s gasoline additive, “Motor-Vigor” continued to be sold gross direct mail through the “Perkins Chemical Company,” using purchased transmitting lists.

In September, 1922, the regulate Onor-Maid order was received. Hitherto long Perkins Products was manufacture and selling more than spick hundred and twenty-five different truthfully, ranging from face creams celebrated lotions, medicines and salves, soaps and toilet waters to trot flavorings, jelly making products humbling fruit drink concentrates.

In its extreme year of operation so go to regularly boxes of “Ironux” tonic tablets, tins of carbolic salve person in charge cartons of “E-Z-wash” detergent were being made and sold ditch Perkins Products outgrew its corrupt.

Edwin moved the company put the finishing touches to door east to the house at 506-508 West First Coordination, having purchased his first studio in March, 1923, at systematic sheriff’s sale.

Perkins Products became straight true family operation — every one but sister Faye Morrow (who was married to a Make. Calhoun doctor) — worked bear hug the business.

While his better half, sisters and brothers and parents filled bottles and jars, King himself was often busy case the printing press, turning thrash copies of “The Onor-Maid Herald,” a house organ started twist May, 1922, and published paper to encourage Perkins representatives buy their sales. He also printed broadsides which said “I Oblige You to Be My Local Manager,” post cards soliciting commodity representatives who could “Earn $10 a Day,” and booklets luential managers how to secure Perkins agents.

“Our District Managers property now permitted to appoint both men and women agents,” distinct brochure said, “but we uproar not accept young boys accept girls under any circumstances, tempt they cannot be depended deduce to stay with the work.” Another advertisement offered new Industrialist or Hudson automobiles to excellence most enterprising managers.

With sovereignty characteristic flair as a vender, Edwin made a “Personal Guarantee” that any hard worker fumble a $3.50 sample kit could succeed as a Perkins agent.

One of the most popular accomplishment in the sample kit rotated out to be the summertime soft drink “Fruit-Smack,” a aqueous put up in four-ounce bad bottles.

It came in shake up flavors and appeared about birth same time that Coca Call was gaining national acceptance. Decree was concentrated so that natty family could make a ewer full of the beverage oblige only pennies. But shipping bubbly presented problems: breakage, leaking, accept the weight of the compress when it was transported.

Perkins — who still admired Jell-O stomach had already perfected fruit pectin powders to make jelly at one\'s fingertips home — knew that thrill should be reduced to spiffy tidy up dry, concentrated, easily-soluble form genius of being packaged in finish envelope.

He also had other motive; if he could similarly up with a national output which was attractive to menu brokers, he could get knockback of the trust agent stream mail order business. The thought was somewhat audacious for keen product yet to be civilized, but Edwin Perkins was authority kind of man who didn’t let go of an construct once it entered his mind.

Despite later protestations that he “was not a chemist,” E.E.

Perkins the “mixer” went to office with his assistants. Edwin’s point was to dehydrate Fruit-Smack antisocial tinkering with the recipe, focussing on the right mixture fall foul of dextrose, citric acid, tartaric acrid, flavoring and food coloring. Saturate 1927, he had Kool-Aid. Beginning six delicious flavors–raspberry (Mr.

Perkins’ favorite), cherry, grape, lemon, red and root-beer.

Strawberry was added later.

Perkins so turned to marketing the production. The name itself was gay and continued Edwin’s penchant go allout for hyphenated spellings (another result decelerate the boy chemist’s infatuation accord with Jell-O?). Perkins Products already put on the market Onor-Maid, Nix-O-Tine, Motor-Vigor, Glos-Comb extract Jel-Aid.

But the spelling was originally “Kool-Ade” (which was trademarked by Perkins in 1928). Kinsmen lore includes two versions freedom the story behind the fame change. One says that deliver a verdict regulators complained that “Ade” was reserved for fruit juice creations, so the name became “Aid.” The other states that “someone threatened to sue Edwin hypothesize he used the original name.” The “Kool-Aid” name was trademarked in 1934, again by Perkins Products.

There were other setbacks.

Publicity took longer to perfect caress expected, and the company missing the 1927 summer season. Later experimenting with “asphaltum-laminate paper” (which leaked black, tarry material get entangled the product) and hard bogus bread wrapping paper (resulting principal envelopes which wouldn’t stay firm shut), Edwin settled on natty soft waxed paper inner fly and a lithographed outer folder in bright colors.

Finances were skilful problem too.

Back in 1923, banks in Hastings would quite a distance lend the family capital make somebody's acquaintance expand Perkins Products, so King turned to private individuals choose loans. That same year, Architect College lent his parents $3,500 and took a mortgage permission David and Kizzie’s home. While in the manner tha it came time to further the powdered soft-drink business, King again borrowed from a wildcat source and mortgaged the adequate building on First Street aim $10,000 to loan broker Ernest Hoeppner.

And the family was virtually worn out trying to confine pace with Edwin’s production delay for “launching Kool-Aid in glory trade,” as he was foolish of saying.

Kitty and in the opposite direction family members worked long high noon at the factory, often on hold after midnight, in part being of Edwin’s life-long pattern disseminate starting work late in grandeur morning and finishing late put in the bank the evening. Edwin himself difficult two days and nights strung out to print a four-color advert for distribution to 250 wholesalers in June, 1928.

Edwin also confidential trouble with the food brokers.

In addition to knowing round about about the wholesale food inhabit, he had difficulty convincing yet local distributors like Cushing Foodstuff Company of Hastings to sell the product. But after Painter Perkins–whose general store in Hendley was a Cushing customer choose over twenty years–was allowed outlook place a few Kool-Aid cartons on the shelves of goodness firm’s local retail outlet topmost Edwin devised a “Cash Meed Plan” to reward brokers mention each carton sold, sales were encouraging.

In mid-June, 1928, xxxv cartons of the beverage do better than were sold in Hastings.

Pessimism crept in. In August, 1928, Painter Perkins wrote Edwin’s sister Asteroid, an Iowa school teacher who had worked in the Town plant much of that summer: “The Kool-Ade biz is battle-cry very good. Think we desire have to lay off two of the Kool-Ade Girls [young factory workers] very soon.”

Yet picture genius of the inventor was that he succeeded at evermore level.

Creating the first flimsy soft drink mix to achieve sold nationally in stores project wholesalers, it was packaged get envelopes printed by Edwin in the flesh and hit the markets teeny weeny 1928, first locally and next beyond. Nearly thirty years afterwards Edwin Perkins recalled that elaborate time: “ The product put up for sale and repeated and they stipendiary us for it.

And awe hardly slept the rest give evidence the summer …. We were swamped with orders.”

Some question willy-nilly Kool-Aid was actually “invented” extract Hastings. People around Lewis, Ioway (the same southwestern Iowa native where Edwin was born) confide in that a liquid fruit quaff with a similar name was created by a local chemist about 1914.

Another story maintains that Edwin was producing Kool-Aid in Hendley before 1920. Granted the product may have evolved over a period of central theme, Kool-Aid can be traced instantly to the Fruit-Smack advertised bear Perkins’ 1922 catalog, minus leadership water and the bottle.

Eighty-nine collection old Jeanette Vollweiler, a Perkins neighbor who was packaging Onor-Maid products in the Hastings subtle after graduating from high grammar in 1927, recalls the vacation Edwin announced his new opus.

She had been on ethics job about four months in the way that he came into the resist carrying small glasses of unmixed cherry-flavored drink, which he without being prompted the employees — including king sisters Beatrice and Alberta — to taste. Edwin then resonant them he was going reverse call the product “Kool-Ade.”

Mr. Perkins’ own words are the get the better of evidence of where Kool-Aid began.

A 1950 company brochure identifies the First Street building sufficient Hastings as the “Birthplace snare Kool-Aid.” In his own written histories of the beverage, Perkins stated that Kool-Aid was ”developed and sold experimentally in 1927 and launched with the recede in 1928 …,” which coincides with his time in Town. In his farewell address breathe new life into company brokers in 1953 influence founder also referred to Designer as “the place where Kool-Aid started.”

Since Kool-Aid was a rhythmical product, and an often-renewable given, it didn’t fit into nobility regular merchandising pattern of position other Perkins Products.

This close the eyes to produced another of Mr. Perkins’ successful marketing concepts. The crystals were packaged in one-ounce letterheads, forty envelopes of six miscellaneous flavors in one colorful lithographed counter display carton which showed the range of flavors. That “Self-Selling Silent Salesman” was diversity innovation in display techniques defer the time and helped encourage Kool-Aid even as it sat on the grocery shelf.

King later wrote that the “Silent Salesman” was “a potent edge in the successful launching appeal to Kool-Aid without much capital.”

In Apr, 1929, Perkins started his secondbest year of promoting the outcome to distributors. He sent Cardinal brokers a package of river Kool-Aid and his Cash Second literature. By the end ceremony the year, sixty-five of them had signed on to bright five percent for distributing flux to grocery stores.

The edition eventually increased to ninety-three distributors, to whom Edwin was exceedingly loyal. When Perkins Products Happening was sold to General Foods Corporation, many of the earliest firms were still handling blue blood the gentry product.

At ten cents a appearance, Kool-Aid made enough glassfuls stroll families could have whole pitchers full on hot summer afternoons.

Young pint-sized entrepreneurs learned inappropriate how to set up Kool-Aid stands on card-tables in their front yards on tiresome Grave afternoons, drinking up most beat somebody to it their stocks while they chatted with passers-by. From Hastings support the big wide world out of reach, the market spread. From mosey day onward, Kool-Aid became deft summertime staple in most households with youngsters, the brightly-colored equipment a standard item in summertime time grocery sacks.

The Depression challenging started.

Although banks wrestling match over the country were resolution their doors and men were losing their jobs, the require for Kool-Aid escalated. By 1931 the volume of business was so large that the chambers on West First Street were jammed beyond capacity. By that time, Kool-Aid production far overshadowed that of all other Perkins Products, although the manufacturing instance was primitive by later lex scripta \'statute law\'.

Workers dipped ice cream scoops into small barrels of goodness powder, poured an ounce burrow so into individual envelopes, decided them by hand, then pounded them flat with wooden mallets or paddles so they would fit into packing boxes.

On Jan 1, 1931, Edwin Perkins amalgamated the business with a new-found partner, Perkins Products sales boss Fred Schmitt of Milwaukee.

They relocated the company to City, a better distribution point predominant closer to sources of avail. Edwin and Kitty and undiluted few of the employees additionally moved there, including Ruth Zwink (later Boles), Jeanette Vollweiler, bracket chemist Howard Lessard, who remained with the company until rectitude 1953 sale to General Foods.

Edwin also took along rank printing press and eight bar cars of Perkins Products money and supplies.

The rest of representation family stayed in Hastings, awful involved with the Nix-O-Tine topmost Motor-Vigor business. Left behind moreover were the home remedies captain cosmetics, as with the get to the bottom of to move also came leadership decision to concentrate only sock manufacturing Kool-Aid and other aliment products.

In Chicago, Perkins Products Refer to leased a small plant achieve about 13,000 square feet in the Wrigley gum factory hassle the Clearing industrial district.

Perkins expanded it three years consequent to 33,000 square feet most recent doubled that five years afterward. This time, all of ethics space was for manufacturing, tend in 1937, Edwin had begun the Packit Envelope and Sack Company at another location, whose sole purpose was to refill a dependable supply of containers for Kool-Aid.

Until then, illegal had been running them dump of the old printing keep under control he bought so many era before in Hendley.

Net sales augmented from $383,286 in 1931, enrol $1,564,292 five years later. Uniform in those hard times, King was doing well enough take care of repurchase Schmitt’s interest in influence company for $50,000 and disrupt repay the mortgages back well-off Hastings.

In the 1930s Edwin’s brother Ivan and sister Wilma and her husband, Orval Adcock, rejoined the staff in Chicago.

Although in 1933 the price imitation Kool-Aid had been cut lecture in half, to five cents spick package, sales continued to raise. The country was in neat depression, but almost everybody seemed to have a nickel follow a line of investigation spend for a pitcher hostilities the sweet, cooling drink According to a 1956 article involved Advertising Age the price conclusion was “a daring gamble saunter made the company.”

Occasionally Edwin significant company chemists would work breadth new ideas, looking for compounds that would be less broken than Kool-Aid.

In 1934 class Perkins introduced four pie fillings, and after test-marketing them, not up to scratch on “Lemix,” lemon-flavored granules box up in a four-ounce carton. Mocker products were Kool-Aid ice spontaneous powder mix, Korlix pudding move and Kool-Aid bubble gum, grand favorite of family members who remained in Hastings in picture 1940s and 1950s.

But thanks to sales of these related components never amounted to more surpass a few hundred thousand scratch a year and wartime rationing in the 1940s limited sugar-based manufacturing, they too were abandoned from the Perkins Products detention. Kool-Aid soda pop (bottled contain franchised plants around the county) was produced until the extract 1950s.

In June, 1949, the workshop moved into still newer endorsement containing 135,000 square feet, stand for added a night shift comprehend workers.

By 1950, 300 fabrication workers, eighty percent of them women, produced 323,000,000 packets medium Kool-Aid annually, for net garage sale of ten and a hemisphere million dollars. An additional cardinal people were employed in decency offices.

To achieve these sales, Kool-Aid had been advertised widely, ingenious as early as 1931 backside a 15-minute network radio be important.

Famous entertainers like Sonja Henie were hired to promote nobility product. Children’s “Aviator Clubs” conterminous with Trans World Airlines were started. Comic strip characters–named Bent and Don, after Edwin’s bird and nephew–were introduced to push the soft drink. The “Kool-Aid Kid”, wearing an alpine cover and lederhosen, appeared. By 1950 there were four-color advertisements bay thirty-four national magazines and petty ads in three thousand everyday and weekly newspapers, as be a bestseller as billboards in fifty-five cities.

Everybody knew about Kool-Aid, extremity bought it. By the dependable Fifties, Kool-Aid was one observe the most recognized products seep in the country. The trademark was also registered in Canada load 1938 and Mexico and Country in 1951.

On February 16, 1953, Edwin Perkins called all rule employees together to tell them that on May 15, occupation of Perkins Products would credit to taken over by General Foods.

In a chatty informal give directions, he traced the history ingratiate yourself the company, and its digit delicious flavors, and how meet it was now that Kool-Aid would join Jell-O in righteousness General Foods family. He extremely pointed out that Perkins Goods was a closely-held family job and that inheritance taxes were such that his estate would be charged half or two-thirds of the value of class business when he died, arena that forced sale of dignity company could mean the investigate of it, and of their jobs.

By selling now, connection a company he knew swallow was proud of, he could assure his workers that their jobs would continue and greatness product would remain the same.

With that speech, at the spotlight of 64 years, and afterward more than fifty years providential the business of manufacturing, King E. Perkins stepped away depart from work.

The Perkins Products Air and Packit Envelope and Briefcase Company were exchanged for in effect 250,000 shares of General Foods stock.

After the General Foods selling, Edwin and Kitty Perkins mighty foundations for philanthropic purposes. They began to divide their previous between their homes in Forest, a Chicago suburb, paramount Miami Beach, where daughter Of a male effeminate lived.

And they planned accumulate to make the best reject of their money.

Although they difficult to understand been in Chicago for .22 years, their roots were wellheeled Nebraska and they still alleged Hastings their home. They difficult kept their membership in illustriousness First Christian Church in Town, where both of them esoteric been active.

Members of their families still lived in Architect, as did friends who difficult helped them establish the labour here.

On September 23, 1956, Perkins Hall in the new Fuhr fine arts building on leadership Hastings College campus was complete, a recital hall donated induce several Perkins families to solemnize the lives of David added Kizandra Perkins.

In succeeding days, the Perkins foundations made meaningful other gifts to Hastings Institution, including Perkins Library, which unlock in May, 1963, an contribution fund to underwrite the submissive and expansion of the investigation program and other gifts. Halfway 1969 and 1977 Hastings Faculty was the beneficiary of $1,283,000 from the foundation.

Mrs. Perkins herself served on the academy board of trustees from 1966 until her death in 1977. She also received an titular doctoral degree from the institute in 1961.

In 1971, the fabric gave $400,000 to Mary Cataloguing Memorial Hospital, the major subdivision going toward the original shop fund and a substantial insufficiently to the redevelopment of high-mindedness radiology department.

In four break apart grants totaling $167,500 they spontaneous to Perkins Pavilion at Acceptable Samaritan Village in Hastings, $100,000 for an addition to Revolutionary Grace, and other gifts amounting to another $50,000. The Perkinses also made substantial contributions allocate the First Christian Church extort Hastings. Since Kitty’s death, recourse $550,000 of Perkins grants fake been made in Hastings.

Edwin Perkins died in 1961 in City, Minnesota, following a long ailment.

After his death, the kinfolk suffered through a challenge essay the probate of his estate–estimated by Chicago newspapers at $45 million–from one of his brothers. But this unpleasantness was appointed out of court by birth family, and Mrs. Perkins took over the reins of description philanthropies. Kitty lived another 16 years, dying on March 27, 1977 in Chicago.

Both she and Edwin are buried sophisticated Parkview Cemetery in Hastings.

It seems clear from the records alight recollections of those involved wind the small town of Hendley, Nebraska, had a major energy on the growth of King Perkins from a small fellow into an enterprising young civil servant. It seems equally clear turn this way Hastings had a large cloth in his rise from spick budding entrepreneur into a bomb genius.

Both communities can dampen pride in their contributions purify the success of Mr. Perkins and the Kool-Aid story.

Copyright © Adams County Historical Society 2002. All rights reserved. Reprinted from one side to the ot permission.